)George Bush
George Bushborn June 12, 1924, Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.
美国共和党政治家 ，第 41 届总统（ 1988～1992 ） 。
1924年6 月12日生于马萨诸塞州米尔顿，青少年时代在康涅狄格州的格林尼治城度过。菲利普斯学校毕业后，参加美国海军预备队。第二次世界大战期间，在太平洋舰队担任鱼雷轰炸机驾驶员 ， 期间， 因战功卓著被授予飞行十字勋章 。1944年与巴巴拉·皮尔斯结婚，生有四子一女。1948年毕业于耶鲁大学 ，获经济学学士学位 。 同年 ，移居得克萨斯州， 成为油田物资供应的推销员。1953年与人合股筹建扎帕塔石油公司，1954年又创办扎帕塔近海石油公司。1971年任美国驻联合国大使。1973年任共和党全国委员会主席。1974年任美国驻北京联络处主任。1976年奉召回国，接任中央情报局局长的职务（1976～1977） 。1980 年原拟参加总统竞选 ，后来成为里根的竞选伙伴。里根当选总统后，布什担任副总统兼参议院议长 。1984年再度当选为副总统 。1988 年11月当选为美国第 41 届总统 。在任期间 ，对外政策多有建树 。1989年5月，宣布对苏联实行“超越遏制”战略 。12月 ，与苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫在马耳他会晤 。1990 年 5月31日至6月3日 ，与苏联就削减战略性核武器 、销毁和不生产化学武器 、监督和检查地下核试验等有关军备控制等问题达成协议，并与戈尔巴乔夫签署了该协议 。1991年1月 ，在发表的国情咨文中提出了建立“世界新秩序”的主张。伊拉克入侵科威特后，布什坚决主张由联合国出兵干涉，亲自参与并指挥了代号为“沙漠风暴”的军事行动。1992年11月竞选连任总统 ，因国内经济问题败北。
in full George Herbert Walker Bush politician and businessman who was vice president of the United States (1981–89) and the 41st president of the United States (1989–93). As president, Bush assembled a multinational force to compel the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America. See also Cabinet of President George Bush.)
Early life and career
Bush was the son of Prescott Sheldon Bush, an investment banker and U.S. senator from Connecticut, and Dorothy Walker Bush, scion of a prominent St. Louis, Missouri, family. (Her father established the amateur golf competition known as the Walker Cup.) The young Bush grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut, and attended private schools there and in Andover, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Phillips Academy, Andover, he joined the U.S. Naval Reserve. He served from 1942 to 1944 as a torpedo bomber pilot on aircraft carriers in the Pacific during World War II, flying some 58 combat missions; he was shot down by the Japanese in 1944. For his service he won the Distinguished Flying Cross. In January 1945 he married Barbara Pierce (Barbara Bush).
Following the family tradition, Bush attended Yale University, graduating in 1948. His membership in the Skull and Bones secret society there later became an issue that his critics used as evidence of elitism. Rejecting a position in his father's firm, he moved with his young family to Texas and became a salesman of oil-field supplies. He cofounded the Bush-Overbey Oil Development Company (1951), the Zapata Petroleum Corporation (1953), and the Zapata Off-Shore Company (1954). In 1959 he became active in the Republican Party in Houston, and after losing a campaign for the U.S. Senate to Democrat Ralph Yarborough in 1964, Bush was elected in 1966 to a safely Republican seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He gave up the seat in 1970 to run again for the Senate. He was defeated again, this time by Democrat Lloyd Bentsen, Jr. Shortly after his defeat, Bush was appointed by President Richard M. Nixon to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN; 1971–72). In 1973, as the Watergate Scandal was erupting, Bush became chairman of the Republican National Committee. In this post, he stood by President Nixon until August 1974, when he joined a growing chorus of voices calling on the president to resign. Later that year, President Gerald R. Ford, who had nominated Nelson Rockefeller as his vice president, named a disappointed Bush chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing—which was then the senior U.S. representative in China, because relations between the two countries did not permit the exchange of ambassadors. He served in this capacity until he was asked to head the Central Intelligence Agency in 1976. As CIA director, Bush took steps to ensure that the agency's activities did not exceed congressional authorization. When Jimmy Carter took office in 1977, Bush resigned and returned to Texas, where in 1979 he announced his candidacy for president.
Vice presidency
Vice presidency
After declaring that his opponent, the more popular and conservative Ronald W. Reagan, would have to practice “voodoo economics” in order to increase federal revenue by lowering taxes, Bush abandoned his campaign for the Republican Party's presidential nomination in May 1980 and threw his support behind Reagan, who then chose Bush as his running mate. The Reagan-Bush ticket defeated the Democratic ticket of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale by a wide margin in the 1980 presidential election. Bush won Reagan's loyalty, and the two were reelected in 1984 for a second term in an even greater landslide than that of 1980.
As vice president, Bush traveled more than a million miles as the administration's representative. When asked about his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair—in which the Reagan administration, in violation of congressional edict, used funds from the illegal sale of arms to Iran to fund Contra rebels fighting the Marxist government of Nicaragua—Bush claimed that he was “out of the loop,” though he did admit knowing about the arms sale to Iran. In 1987 he published an autobiography, Looking Forward (written with Victor Gold).
An early and leading candidate for the Republican Party's nomination for the presidency in 1988, he secured the nomination and, together with his running mate, Dan Quayle, defeated the Democratic candidate, Michael Dukakis, winning 53 percent of the popular vote to Dukakis's 46 percent. Although Bush had called for “a kinder, and gentler, nation” in his speech accepting the nomination, his campaign was negative, at one point criticizing Dukakis with a phrase—“card-carrying member of the American Civil Liberties Union”—reminiscent of that used by Senator Joe McCarthy. Bush also won supporters with his pledge to continue the Reagan economic program, repeatedly stating: “Read my lips, no new taxes!” (See primary source document: Inaugural Address.)
Presidency
Upon assuming office, Bush made a number of notable senior staff appointments, among them that of General Colin Powell to chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. His other important policy makers included James Baker as secretary of state and William Bennett as director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. In the course of his presidency, he also nominated two Supreme Court justices, David H. Souter (to replace the retiring William J. Brennan) and the more controversial Clarence Thomas (to replace Thurgood Marshall).
From the outset of his presidency, however, Bush demonstrated far more interest in foreign than domestic policy. In December 1989, he ordered a military invasion of Panama in order to topple that country's leader, General Manuel Antonio Noriega, who—though at one time of service to the U.S. government—had become notorious for his brutality and his involvement in the drug trade. The invasion, which lasted four days, resulted in hundreds of deaths, mostly of Panamanians, and the operation was denounced by both the Organization of American States and the UN General Assembly.
Bush's presidency coincided with world events of large proportion, including the collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and the reunification of Germany. In November 1990 Bush met with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Paris and signed a mutual nonaggression pact, a symbolic conclusion to the Cold War. They signed treaties sharply reducing the number of weapons that the two superpowers had stockpiled over the decades of Cold War hostility.
In August 1990, Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait. Bush led a worldwide UN-approved embargo against Iraq to force its withdrawal and sent a U.S. military contingent to Saudi Arabia to counteract Iraqi pressure and intimidation. Perhaps his most significant diplomatic achievement was the skillful construction of a coalition of western European and Arab states against Iraq. Over the objections of those who favoured restraint, Bush increased the U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf region to about 500,000 troops within a few months. When Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait, he authorized a U.S.-led air offensive that began on January 16–17, 1991. The ensuing Persian Gulf War culminated in an Allied ground offensive in late February that decimated Iraq's armies and restored Kuwait's independence. (See primary source document: Operation Desert Storm.)
On the strength of his victory over Iraq and his competent leadership in foreign affairs, Bush's approval rating soared to about 90 percent. This popularity soon waned, however, as an economic recession that began in late 1990 persisted into 1992. Throughout this period, Bush showed much less initiative in domestic affairs, though he initially worked with Congress in efforts to reduce the federal government's continuing large budget deficits. A moderate conservative, he made no drastic departures from Reagan's policies—except in taxes. In 1990, in a move that earned him the enmity of his conservative supporters and the distrust of many voters who had backed him in 1988, he reneged on his “read my lips” pledge and raised taxes in an attempt to cope with the soaring budget deficit.
Bush's policy reversal on taxation and his inability to turn around the economy—his failure to put across what he called “the vision thing” to the American public—ultimately proved his downfall. Bush ran a lacklustre campaign for reelection in 1992. He faced a fierce early challenge from Patrick Buchanan in the Republican primary and then lost votes in the general election to third-party candidate Ross Perot. Meanwhile, Bush's Democratic opponent, Bill Clinton of Arkansas, hammered away at the issue of the deteriorating economy. In the oft-repeated words of Clinton strategist James Carville, the key issue of the day was “the economy, stupid!” Bush, the first vice president since Martin Van Buren in 1836 to succeed directly to the presidency via an election rather than the death of the incumbent, lost to Clinton by a popular vote of 37 percent to Clinton's 43 percent; Perot garnered an impressive 19 percent of the vote. In trying to explain how Bush—always an active man and an avid jogger—could have run such a lifeless campaign and performed so poorly in formal debates with Clinton, some analysts postulated that Bush was hampered by medication he had been taking to treat his atrial fibrillation, reportedly caused by Graves disease. Bush's campaign managers vehemently denied the theory.
In his last weeks in office, Bush ordered a U.S. military-led mission to feed the starving citizens of war-torn Somalia, thereby placing U.S. marines in the crossfire of warring factions and inadvertently causing the deaths of 18 soldiers. Equally as controversial was his pardoning of six Reagan administration officials charged with illegal actions associated with the Iran-Contra Affair.
Retirement
Bush and his wife, Barbara, returned to Houston on the day of Clinton's inauguration and had little formal involvement with the Republican Party thereafter. His son George W. Bush, a popular two-term governor of Texas, successfully ran for president in 2000, becoming only the second son of a president to win the White House; the first was John Quincy Adams in 1824. Another son, Jeb, was elected governor of Florida in 1998.
Additional Reading
The speeches and statements of George Bush during his presidency are contained in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George Bush, 8 vol. (1990–93). Bush's campaign is narrated in Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?: The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency, 1988 (1989); and Richard Ben Cramer, What It Takes: The Way to the White House (1992). Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman (eds.), The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals (1991), provides a collection of essays analyzing different aspects of the Bush administration's first two years. Michael Duffy and Dan Goodgame, Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush (1992); and Dilys M. Hill and Phil Williams (eds.), The Bush Presidency: Triumphs and Adversities (1994), critique Bush's leadership and domestic policy while praising his conduct of foreign affairs. Charles Tiefer, The Semi-Sovereign Presidency: The Bush Administration's Strategy for Governing Without Congress (1994), discusses the difficulties Bush experienced in dealing with a Democrat-controlled Congress.
