)宾语从句
宾语从句宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
连接宾语从句的常用的连词有：that, if, whether, who, whom, whose, what, when, where, how, why, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等。
宾语：We study English.
宾语从句： I believe that our football team will win.
2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。
1．连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。
He knew（that）he should work hard．
2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。
Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？
3．连接代词who，whom ，whose，what， which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意义。
The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）
4．连接副词when，where， why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有其自己的意义。
I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。
一． 陈述句充当宾语从句：
陈述句充当宾语从句用that引导，that可以省略。
简单句：She was much better.Lily said.
从句：Lily said that she was much better.(Lily 说她好多了)
二．一般疑问句充当宾语从句：
1．一般疑问句充当宾语从句用if 或whether引导，从句应采取陈述句的语序。
简单句：I wonder. Can Jack swim in such a wide river ?
从句：I wonder whether Jack can swim in such a wide river.
2. whether引导宾语从句时可以和if互换，但是下列情况只能用whether。
1）介词后的宾语从句用whether引导。
I’m worrying about whether she will come. （我在担心她是否会来。）
2）宾语从句提前时，用whether引导。
Whether you can come, I don’t care.（我不介意你是否能来）
3）后面紧跟or not时， 应用whether引导。
We don’t know whether or not she will like the gift. (我不知道她是否会喜欢这个礼物。)
4）与代替从句的不定式连用时，应用whether引导。
I don’t know whether to go or stay.(我不知道是去还是留)
5）在discuss, wonder后做宾语从句时，用whether引导。
We are discussing whether we will put off the meeting. (我们正在讨论是否推迟会议)
三.特殊疑问句充当宾语从句：
特殊疑问句充当宾语从句时，保留原来的疑问词，并改为陈述句的语序。
简单句：Whose book is this ? Her brother asked.
从句：Her brother asked me whose book this was .
四、动词的宾语从句
大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.
部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
五、介词的宾语从句
用wh-类的介词宾语从句
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
用that,if引导的介词宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知
六、形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
1．主句与从句的时态应一致。如果主句为一般现在时，从句的时态可以是任何一种时态。
（一般现在时，一般过去时， 一般将来时，现在完成时，过去完成时，现在进行时，过去进行时）
1. I hear (that) he often reads this book.
2. I hear (that) he is reading this book.
3. I hear (that) he will read this book.
4. I hear (that) he read this book.
5. I hear (that) he has already read this book.
2．如果主句为一般过去时，从句的时态必须是是含有过去的时态
1. 一般过去时： Tom said (that) he missed us very much.
2. 过去完成时： He asked me how was getting on well with my classmates.
3. 过去进行时： We didn’t know if he had seen this film.
3.主句与从句引导词的问题。
1）如果主句为陈述句，引导词用that，但是that可以省略。
2）如果主句为一般疑问句，引导词用if 或whether.
3) 如果主句为特殊疑问句，引导词用本身的疑问词。
3．从句的语序问题。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句的语序。
4．宾语从句否定前移的问题。
当主句的主语为第一人称，动词为“think, believe, suppose, guess”等时，若从句是否定句，应当把否定句转移到主句上来。
I don’t think you are right. (我认为你不对)
5.宾语从句两注意：
1、注意宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序永远用陈述语序，即"连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分"。
例如：Can you tell me what does she like?（╳）
Can you tell me what she likes?（ √）
2、注意宾语从句的时态：如果主句谓语是一般现在时，从句谓语的时态不受限制，可以根 据需要用任何时态；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。
当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。
The teacher told us （that） the earth moves around the sun.
6.其他注意事项：
You can keep the book for two weeks."She told me. →She told me (that) I could keep the book for two weeks.
2、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和"疑问词+不定式"结构转化。
I don't know what I should do next.. ==> I don't know what to do next.
7.直接引语变成间接宾语
(1)连接词；(2)语序问题；(3)主句与从句时态保持一致。
直接引语按句子功能可分为:陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句及祈使句。
一、当直接引语是陈述句变间接引语:
(1)连接词用that。that没有任何意义,可省略,只是表示that后面的句子是一个宾语；
(2)语序不变,即陈述语序；
(3)主从时态一致,当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态；当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。
如:"My father is a teacher."分别用Xiao Ming says和Xiao Ming said变宾语从句:Xiao Ming says that his father is a teacher.Xiao Ming said that his father was a teacher.
二、当直接引语为一般疑问句时:
(1)连接词用if或whether,可译为"是否"；
(2)语序恢复成陈述语序；(3)主从时态保持一致。
如:"Are you a teacher？"分别用"He asks···"和"He asked···"变宾语从句:He asks me if I am a teacher.He asked me if I
was a teacher.
三、当直接引语为特殊疑问句时:
(1)连接词用特殊疑问词；(2)语序恢复成陈述语序；(3)主从时态一致。
"How many people are there in your family？"分别用"He asks me···"和"He asked···"变宾语从句:
He asks me how many people there are in my fami-ly. 他问我在我家里有多少人。
在这个例子中how many people是一个疑问词组,不可分开。
四、当直接引语是祈使句:
如:The mother said to me, "Please make your bed." The mother told me to make my bed.
宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。
展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。
主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。
陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。
非凡问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。
三关过后莫自得，人称、标点需注重。
留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。
[歌诀解码]
一、三姊妹
宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：We knew (that) we should learn from each other.
2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.
3. 由who, where, how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?
二、三关
1. 引导词关
假如从句是陈述句，引导词用that (that在口语或非正式文体中常省略)；假如从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；假如从句是非凡疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。
2. 语序关
①陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said (that) he was an honest boy.
②一般疑问句和非凡疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：Does he work hard? I wonder. →I wonder if/whether he works hard.
3. 时态关
①假如主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：I have heard (that) he will come back next week.
②假如主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：He said (that) there were no classes yesterday.
注重：假如宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.
1. 从句的主语假如是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；假如是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；假如是第三人称，不用变化。
“Do you know her telephone number?” He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.
2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。
Who will give us a talk? I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.
四、两副面孔
if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，碰到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如： If it rains tomorrow, I won’t come. (时间状语从句) I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. (宾语从句)
五、从句的简化
1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式
he found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →he found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.
2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构
She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.
3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构
Can you tell me how I can get to the station? →Can you tell me how to get to the station？
[1] 浏览网 http://www.gotoread.com/article/?wid=42974
[2] 新浪考试 http://edu.sina.com.cn/zhongkao/2008-04-30/1818137217.shtml
[3] 深圳青少年报 http://paper.sznews.com/qsnb/20060414/ca2265509.htm
