- 历史版本:5 编辑时间:2008-11-15 22:51:53 作者:依依crash
- 内容长度:4877字 图片数:1个 目录数:6个
- 修改原因:修正错误 增加目录
- 评审意见:经过您的协作,该词条还有以下可以提升的地方!导语应整理为一段式200字;英文内容添加到维吧更合适,互动是中文百科;缺少相关词条和参考资料; 感谢您对该词条的协作,如果您有兴趣挑战高分,请查看互动百科帮助http://www.hoodong.com/help/help_2.jsp继续协作来修正里面的不足吧,相信您一定会做的更好
硼
硼,一种化学元素。约公元前200年,古埃及、罗马、巴比伦曾用硼沙制造玻璃和焊接黄金。1808年法国
化学家盖·吕萨克和泰纳尔分别用金属钾还原硼酸制得单质硼。硼在地壳中的含量为0.001%。天然硼有2种同位素:硼10和硼11,其中硼10最重要。
硼的应用比较广泛。硼与塑料或铝合金结合,是有效的中子屏蔽材料;硼钢在反应堆中用作控制棒;硼纤维用于制造复合材料等。
硼-物理性质
硼为黑色或银灰色固体。晶体硼为黑色,熔点约2300°C,沸点2550°C,密度2.34克/厘米³,硬度仅次于金刚石,较脆。
硼在室温下比较稳定,即使在盐酸或氢氟酸中长期煮沸也不起作用。硼能和卤组元素直接化合,形成卤化硼。硼在600~1000°C可与硫、锡、磷、砷反应;在1000~1400°C与氮、碳、硅作用,高温下硼还与许多金属和金属氧化物反应,形成金属硼化物。这些化合物通常是高硬度、耐熔、高电导率和化学惰性的物质,常具有特殊的性质。
元素原子量:10.81
元素类型:非金属
原子序数:5
核电荷数:5
核内质子数:5
核外电子数:5
元素符号:B
相对原子质量:10.81
质子相对质量:5.035
所属周期:2
所属族数:IIIA
摩尔质量:11g
相对密度:2.34
外围电子排布:2s2 2p1
核外电子排布:2,3
颜色和状态:固体
原子半径:1.17
常见化合价: 3
硼-发现过程:
1702年法国医生霍姆贝格首先从硼砂制得硼酸,称为salsedativum,即镇静盐。1741年法国化学家帕特指出,硼砂与硫酸作用除生成硼酸外,还得到硫酸钠。1789年拉瓦锡把硼酸基列入元素表。1808年英国化学家戴维和法国化学家盖吕萨克、泰纳用钾还原硼酸而制得硼。
硼-化学性质
在室温下无定形硼在空气中缓慢氧化,在800℃左右能自燃。硼与盐酸或氢氟酸,即使长期煮沸,也不起作用。它能被热浓硝酸和重铬酸钠与硫酸的混合物缓慢侵蚀和氧化。过氧化氢和过硫酸铵也能缓慢氧化结晶硼。上述试剂与无定形硼作用激烈。与碱金属碳酸盐和氢氧化物混合物共熔时,所有各种形态的硼都被完全氧化。氯、溴、氟与硼作用而形成相应的卤化硼。约在600℃硼与硫激烈反应形成一种硫化硼的混合物。硼在氮或氨气中加热到1000℃以上则形成氮化硼,温度在1800-2000℃是硼和氢仍不发生反应,硼和硅在2000℃以上反应生成硼化硅。在高温时硼能与许多金属和金属氧化物反应,生成金属硼化物。
硼-制备方法
硼的氧化物用活泼金属热还原;
用氢还原硼的卤化物;
用碳热还硼砂;
电解熔融硼酸盐或其他含硼化合物;热分解硼的氢化合物上述方法所得初产品均应真空除气或控制卤化,才可制得高纯度的硼。
硼-元素用途
硼主要用于冶金(如为了增加钢的硬度)及核子学中,因为它吸收中子能力强。由于硼在高温时特别活泼,因此被用来作冶金除气剂、锻铁的热处理、增加合金钢高温强固性,硼还用于原子反应堆和高温技术中。棒状和条状硼钢在原子反应堆中广泛用作控制棒。由于硼具有低密度、高强度和高熔点的性质,可用来制作导弹的火箭中所用的某些结构材料。硼的化合物在农业、医药、玻璃工业等方面用途很广。
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BORON
Boron Minerals:
Boron does not occur in nature as free element, crude borax occurs in nature as a mineral with associated clay and other impurities.There are over 200 naturally occuring boron containing minerals but the most commercially important and frequently traded minerals (salts, known as borates) are tincal colemanite, ulexite and kernite . These ores can be refined into a pure chemical compounds of commercial importance are:
Boric acid H3BO3
Anhydrous boric acid B2O3
Anhydrous borax Na2B4O7
Borax pentahydrate Na2B4O7.10H2O
Borax decahydrate Na2B4O7.5H2O
Sodium Perborate Na2B4O7.5H2O
Some commercially important boron minerals
Tincal Na2B4O7.10H2O
Kernite Na2B4O7.4H2O
Colemanite Ca2B6O11.5H2O
Ulexite NaCaB5O9.8H2O
Datolite Ca2B2O5.Si2O5.H2O
Hydroboracite CaMgB6O11.6H2O
Turkey is the largest producer of boron ore in the world. İmportant boron minerals of Turkey's are tincal, colemanite and ulexite. Boron minerals contain different amount of B2O3 in their structures. The important factor for industrial application of boron minerals are B2O3 content, so they can replace each other in use . This means that one boron mineral can be trade competiter the other one.
Boron minerals can be used in some sectors in the industry as crude minerals. In general, their applications after refining and end-products are wider than crude ones. Borates find use in a different sectors, however the principal markets are: Agriculture, detergents and soaps, flame retardants,glass, glazes, frits , enamels and insulation.
硼-Boron Reserves
In the world, Turkey, USA and Russia have the important boron mines. In terms of total reserve basis, Turkey has a share of %72.20, the other important country USA is %6.8.
Total world boron reserves on the basis of B2O3 content are 369 million tons proven. 807 million tones probable and possible, as a total of 1,176 million tons. With a share of %72.20, Turkey has a total boron reserves of 851 million tons on the basis of B2O3 content .
Boron minerals can be used in some sectors in the industry as crude minerals. In general, their applications after refining and end-products are wider than crude ones. Boron minerals, borates and compounds have a very wide range of applications.
Agriculture
-Essential micronutrient for all plant
Detergents and Soaps
-Act as pH buffer
-Soften the Washing water
-Enhance the solubility of other ingredients
-Act as a gentle but powerful bleaching agent
-Anti-bacterial properties eliminate micro organisms.
Ceramic Glazes and Enamel Frits
-Provide good fluxing properties
-Provide a good base for dissolving colouring agents.
Insulation Fibreglass
-Reduce the temperature at which fibres are formed.
-Improve the durability of the glass fibres
-Reduce the viscositry of the molten glass.
-Increase the biosolubility of the glass fibres.
Timber Preservation
- Prevent and control the spread of bacteria.
- Inhibit corrosion.
- Act as flame retardant
Flame Retardants
- Enhance the performance of alumina trihydrate
- Effective as flame retardants
Nuclear Power Stations
- Absorb thermal neutrons
- Used to control nuclear reaction
- Used in nuclear shielding.
Cosmetics and Medicine
- Neutralize fatty acid.
- Act as emulsifiers in certain creams
- Give mild antiseptic properties.
Metallurgy
- Used as cover fluxes
- Dissolve and remove un wanted metal oxides as slag.
Other
-Glass,
-Magnets
-Automobile airbags
-Photography
-Fuels
-Optical fibres
-Adhesives
BORON PRODUCTS
Bigadiç Colemanite
Ground Colemanite
Kestelek Colemanite
Hisarcık Colemanite
Espey Colemanite
Tincal
Ulexite
Borax DH
Borax PH
ETİBOR-48
ETİBOR-68
Boric Acid
Sodium Perborate
查看“










